What type of neuron has one axon and one dendrite extending from opposite ends of the soma?

The correct choice is bipolar neurons, which are characterized by having one axon and one dendrite that extend from opposite ends of the soma (cell body). This structure allows bipolar neurons to effectively transmit signals between two different points in the nervous system. They are commonly found in specific locations, such as the retina of the eye and in the olfactory system, where they play crucial roles in sensory processing and the transmission of sensory information.

In contrast, unipolar neurons typically have a single process that branches into two, functioning essentially as both an axon and a dendrite, but do not have the distinct separation of a dendrite and an axon as seen in bipolar neurons. Multipolar neurons, which are the most common type in the central nervous system, have multiple dendrites and a single axon, which allows for integration of signals from many sources, but again do not fit the definition of having just one of each process. Tripolar is not a standard classification in neural anatomy, thus it does not apply here.

Overall, the defining feature of bipolar neurons makes them key players in specific sensory pathways, emphasizing the importance of their structure in facilitating communication within the nervous system.